SI: Settlements / Neo
Petr Pajdla
27 April, 2022
1 Introduction
The analysis is divided into three scales:
- Neolithic B/C
- Pottery traditions
- Pottery groups
This document describes results for Neolithic (A)/B/C.
The study area is broadly defined as Easter part of Bohemia (abbreviated B) and Morava river catchment (M). It spans across the area of the Czech Republic and bordering regions of Austria and Slovakia.
1.1 Data
Data is published in the Journal of Open Archaeology Data:
Pajdla, P. and Trampota, F., 2021. Neolithic Settlements in Central Europe: Data from the Project ‘Lifestyle as an Unintentional Identity in the Neolithic’. Journal of Open Archaeology Data, 9, p.13. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/joad.88
#> .
#> FALSE TRUE
#> 7 3212| Period | n |
|---|---|
| Neolithic B | 1841 |
| Neolithic C | 653 |
Figure 1.1: Settlements across time periods.
2 Analysis
2.1 Settlement density
Settlement density is estimated using KDE. Kernel size of 4 km is used. This value is completely arbitrary but is selected because settlement clusters are nicely highlighted at this scale.
Figure 2.1: Kernel density estimation for different periods.
2.2 Terrain surrounding the settlements
2.2.1 Altitude
2.2.2 Slope
2.2.3 TPI
Terrain / Topographic position index
2.2.4 Density of water courses
3 Arrangement along natural lines
4 Distance to raw material sources
5 Synthesis
5.1 Principal components analysis
| reg | column | r |
|---|---|---|
| B | line_terrain | 0.5507325 |
| B | tpi | 0.5415177 |
| B | altitude | 0.4829065 |
| B | hydro | 0.4759796 |
| B | line_water | 0.4392916 |
| B | slope | 0.4236272 |
| B | settlements_kde | 0.3908085 |
| B | rm_dist_chipped | 0.3624231 |
| B | rm_dist_polished | 0.3604423 |
| M | hydro | 0.5420715 |
| M | tpi | 0.5062907 |
| M | settlements_kde | 0.4780403 |
| M | altitude | 0.4459054 |
| M | slope | 0.4374670 |
| M | rm_dist_chipped | 0.4272590 |
| M | rm_dist_polished | 0.4149682 |
| M | line_water | 0.3969194 |
| M | line_terrain | 0.3591636 |
5.2 Groups in the data
6 References
6.0.1 Colophon
This report was generated on 2022-04-27 16:12:10 using the following computational environment and dependencies:
#> ─ Session info ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> setting value
#> version R version 4.1.3 (2022-03-10)
#> os Manjaro Linux
#> system x86_64, linux-gnu
#> ui X11
#> language (EN)
#> collate en_US.UTF-8
#> ctype en_US.UTF-8
#> tz Europe/Prague
#> date 2022-04-27
#> pandoc 2.17.1.1 @ /usr/lib/rstudio/bin/quarto/bin/ (via rmarkdown)
#>
#> ─ Packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> ! package * version date (UTC) lib source
#> abind 1.4-5 2016-07-21 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> assertthat 0.2.1 2019-03-21 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> backports 1.4.1 2021-12-13 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> bit 4.0.4 2020-08-04 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> bit64 4.0.5 2020-08-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> bookdown 0.24 2021-09-02 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
#> brio 1.1.3 2021-11-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> broom 0.7.12 2022-01-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> bslib 0.3.1 2021-10-06 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> cachem 1.0.6 2021-08-19 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> callr 3.7.0 2021-04-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> cellranger 1.1.0 2016-07-27 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> class 7.3-20 2022-01-16 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
#> classInt 0.4-3 2020-04-07 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> cli 3.2.0 2022-02-14 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> codetools 0.2-18 2020-11-04 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
#> colorspace 2.0-3 2022-02-21 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> crayon 1.5.0 2022-02-14 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> curl 4.3.2 2021-06-23 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> data.table 1.14.2 2021-09-27 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
#> DBI 1.1.2 2021-12-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> dbplyr 2.1.1 2021-04-06 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> deldir 1.0-6 2021-10-23 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
#> desc 1.4.0 2021-09-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
#> devtools 2.4.3 2021-11-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> digest 0.6.29 2021-12-01 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> dplyr * 1.0.8 2022-02-08 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> e1071 1.7-9 2021-09-16 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
#> ellipsis 0.3.2 2021-04-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> evaluate 0.15 2022-02-18 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> fansi 1.0.2 2022-01-14 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> farver 2.1.0 2021-02-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> fastmap 1.1.0 2021-01-25 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> forcats * 0.5.1 2021-01-27 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> fs 1.5.2 2021-12-08 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> generics 0.1.2 2022-01-31 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> ggplot2 * 3.3.5 2021-06-25 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> ggrepel 0.9.1 2021-01-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> glue 1.6.2 2022-02-24 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> goftest 1.2-3 2021-10-07 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
#> gtable 0.3.0 2019-03-25 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> haven 2.4.3 2021-08-04 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> here 1.0.1 2020-12-13 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> highr 0.9 2021-04-16 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> hms 1.1.1 2021-09-26 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> htmltools 0.5.2 2021-08-25 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
#> htmlwidgets 1.5.4 2021-09-08 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
#> httr 1.4.2 2020-07-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> igraph 1.2.11 2022-01-04 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> janitor 2.1.0 2021-01-05 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> jquerylib 0.1.4 2021-04-26 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> jsonlite 1.8.0 2022-02-22 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> kableExtra 1.3.4 2021-02-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> KernSmooth 2.23-20 2021-05-03 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
#> knitr 1.37 2021-12-16 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> labeling 0.4.2 2020-10-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> lattice 0.20-45 2021-09-22 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
#> lazyeval 0.2.2 2019-03-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> lifecycle 1.0.1 2021-09-24 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> lubridate 1.8.0 2021-10-07 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
#> magrittr 2.0.2 2022-01-26 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> Matrix 1.4-0 2021-12-08 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
#> mclust * 5.4.9 2021-12-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> memoise 2.0.1 2021-11-26 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> mgcv 1.8-39 2022-02-24 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
#> modelr 0.1.8 2020-05-19 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> munsell 0.5.0 2018-06-12 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> nlme * 3.1-155 2022-01-16 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
#> patchwork * 1.1.1 2020-12-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> pillar 1.7.0 2022-02-01 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> pkgbuild 1.3.1 2021-12-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> pkgconfig 2.0.3 2019-09-22 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> pkgload 1.2.4 2021-11-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> plotly 4.10.0 2021-10-09 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> plyr 1.8.6 2020-03-03 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> polyclip 1.10-0 2019-03-14 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> prettyunits 1.1.1 2020-01-24 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> processx 3.5.2 2021-04-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> proxy 0.4-26 2021-06-07 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> ps 1.6.0 2021-02-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> purrr * 0.3.4 2020-04-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> R6 2.5.1 2021-08-19 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.1)
#> raster 3.5-15 2022-01-22 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> RColorBrewer 1.1-2 2014-12-07 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> Rcpp 1.0.8 2022-01-13 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> RCzechia 1.9.1 2021-12-03 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> readr * 2.1.2 2022-01-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> readxl 1.3.1 2019-03-13 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> remotes 2.4.2 2021-11-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> reprex 2.0.1 2021-08-05 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> reshape2 1.4.4 2020-04-09 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> rgdal 1.5-28 2021-12-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> rlang 1.0.1 2022-02-03 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> rmarkdown 2.13 2022-03-10 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> rnaturalearth 0.1.0 2017-03-21 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> rpart * 4.1.16 2022-01-24 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
#> rprojroot 2.0.2 2020-11-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> rstudioapi 0.13 2020-11-12 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> rvest 1.0.2 2021-10-16 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> sass 0.4.0 2021-05-12 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> scales 1.1.1 2020-05-11 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> sessioninfo 1.2.2 2021-12-06 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> R settlements * 0.0.0.9000 <NA> [?] <NA>
#> sf * 1.0-7 2022-03-07 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> snakecase 0.11.0 2019-05-25 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> sp 1.4-6 2021-11-14 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> spatstat * 2.3-3 2022-02-21 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> spatstat.core * 2.4-0 2022-02-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> spatstat.data * 2.1-2 2021-12-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> spatstat.geom * 2.3-2 2022-02-12 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> spatstat.linnet * 2.3-2 2022-02-16 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> spatstat.random * 2.1-0 2022-02-12 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> spatstat.sparse 2.1-0 2021-12-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> spatstat.utils 2.3-0 2021-12-12 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> stringi 1.7.6 2021-11-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> stringr * 1.4.0 2019-02-10 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> svglite 2.1.0 2022-02-03 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> systemfonts 1.0.4 2022-02-11 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> tensor 1.5 2012-05-05 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> terra 1.5-21 2022-02-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> testthat 3.1.2 2022-01-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> tibble * 3.1.6 2021-11-07 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> tidyr * 1.2.0 2022-02-01 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> tidyselect 1.1.2 2022-02-21 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> tidyverse * 1.3.1 2021-04-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> tzdb 0.2.0 2021-10-27 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> units 0.8-0 2022-02-05 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> usethis 2.1.5 2021-12-09 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> utf8 1.2.2 2021-07-24 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> vctrs 0.3.8 2021-04-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> viridisLite 0.4.0 2021-04-13 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> vroom 1.5.7 2021-11-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> webshot 0.5.2 2019-11-22 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
#> withr 2.4.3 2021-11-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> xfun 0.30 2022-03-02 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> xml2 1.3.3 2021-11-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#> yaml 2.3.5 2022-02-21 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
#>
#> [1] /home/knytt/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/4.1
#> [2] /usr/lib/R/library
#>
#> R ── Package was removed from disk.
#>
#> ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────